Jurij Janež*
Received: November 07, 2017; Published: December 12, 2017
Corresponding author: Jurij Janež, Department Of Abdominal Surgery,University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška Cesta 7, 1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Europe
DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2017.01.000581
Laparoscopiccolecystectomy( L C ) hasdramaticallyreplacedconventional open cholecystectomy [1]. LC was introduced by Mouret in 1987. It is one of the most common procedures being performed by the general surgeons all over the world. With more and more endeavors being made in the field of laparoscopy, more and more complicatedcases, which were relatively contraindicated a few years ago, are now being performed laparoscopically. Advantages of LC are a better cosmesis, shorter hospital stay, shorter recovery time and decreased morbidity [2]. Now a days LC has become the gold standard not only for routine gall bladder removal due to asymptomatic or symptomatic gall stones but also for the treatment of acute gall bladder inflammation [3]. One of the most important aspects of safe LC is a meticulous dissection of the structures in the triangle of Calot. Cystic ductan dcysticartery must be recognised and carefully dissected to prevent intraoperative injury of major bile ductsandrigh the paticartery or excessive intraoperative bleeding. Rate of conversion from laparoscopic to open technique can be minimized by adhering to the basic principles of surgery and keeping in mind the critical anatomy while doing the safe and meticulous dissection [4]. In certain circumstances difficult LC can be expected. Difficult LC can be anticipated based on the pre-operative and intra-operative factors such as old age, male sex, historyof multiple attack so frecent origin or repeated admissions, diabetes mellitus, previous upper abdominal surgery, liver cirrhosis and patients presenting with acute cholecystitis, pancreatitis or cholangitis [1-4].
Difficult LC is considered in cases of dense adhesions at the triangle of Calot, contracted and fibrotic gall bladder, previous upper abdominal surgery, acutely inflammed and gangrenous gall bladder, empyema of the gall bladder, Mirizzi ̍s syndrome, previous cholecystostomy and cholecystogastric or cholecystoduodenal fistula [4,5]. Every case should be considered as difficult until completed successfully. Level of difficulty may vary with the skill and experience of the surgeon but conditions, mentioned above, are really difficult, irrespective of the experience and skill of the surgeon. Bile duct injury is the most catastrophic event that can happen to the patient during LC, leaving the patient with high morbidity and high treatment cost. Measures taken to prevent bile duct injury are careful dissection of the triangle of Calot, keeping in mind the anatomy of the hapato biliary system and possible an atomic variations and step-by-step progression until removal of the gall bladder [6]. In cases of unclear anatomy and failure to progress in laparoscopic dissection, conversion to the open procedure should be done and it should not be takenas a failure or a complication on the part of the surgeon [6,7].
Difficult LC can be expected in certain circumstances. Some scoring and validation systems have been recommended to predict difficult cases. Step-by-step meticulous dissection of the triangle of Calot should be performed to avoid bile ductinjury. Conversion to open procedure should be done in cases of unclear anatomy or failure to progress in laparoscopic dissection.