Short Communication
Abstract
Hypothesis on reality of perineural migration of stem cells (SCs) along vagus nerve fibers to injured heart and brain stem regions was experimentally verified on ten Wistar rats. Heart injuries were simulated using unilateral vagotomy. Vagotomy led to degeneration of vagus nerve fibers in heart and brain stem. These destructive processes in tissues were the basis for SCs migration. FITC-labeled SCs were revealed in cardiac ganglions and nucleus tractus solitarii of brain stem. Experimental results should be used to test the technique in clinical conditions in patients with impaired cardiac function, namely with acute heart failure after myocardial infarction.
Abbreviations: FITC: Fluorescein isothiocyanate; NTS: Nucleus Tractus Solitarii; SCs: Stem cells
Introduction
Fatality of arrhythmias and heart failure is well known [1-4]. Despite existing threat to human life, intensive prophylaxis and therapy of pathological processes in heart and blood vessels begins only after diagnosis establishment. This stage of relationships between cardiologist and patient is currently in a good state. Classic therapy of heart failure includes range of cardiovascular drugs used in accordance with international guidelines [1,2]. Patients with terminal stage of heart failure are treated in intensive care units by infusions of inotropic agents. More radical treatment methods are used at certain stage of pathological processes development in heart. These include implantations of cardiac pacemakers, intracoronary balloon angioplasty, stenting of coronary vessels, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, valve replacement or implantation of artificial heart [1-4]. Angioplasty and stenting lead to decrease of mortality. Heart transplantation appears to be one of the most radical ways of therapy along with the development of technologies of organs and tissues transplantation [5]. Restrictions of transplantations are obvious, they include need of immunosuppression, which is accompanied with variety of side effects, and the lack of donor organs. All these, along with ethical issues, do not allow using heart transplantation in significant number of patients [1-5].
Cellular technologies are also implemented in the treatment of heart diseases [6-10]. Systemic or local administration of SCs into myocardium prevents injury of cardiac muscle caused by infarction [11-17]. SCs are usually administered in clinical conditions into systemic or coronary blood flow [14-21].
Technique of perineural implantation and migration of SCs attracts attention among other methods of SCs implantation [22]. Vagus nerve looks great in this scope due to its accessibility in simple surgical manipulation. By the way, electrostimulation of vagus nerve is used in cardiology to activate angiogenesis in myocardium [23]. For example, technique of perineural SCs implantation guarantees SCs delivery to the area of neurodestruction in brain or spinal cord using uncomplicated surgical methods [24-28]. Such minimally invasive tactics are actual for those patients who are in poor state, especially determined by heart failure. A hypothesis on the reality of vagosympathetic complex use as a kind of direct way of SCs delivery to heart atriums and ventricles was born to develop this direction. Analysis of scientific literature in PubMed on January 28, 2019 revealed only four and two articles on the search for “vagus stem cells infarct” and “vagus stem cells heart infarct”, respectively. Authors of one article [23] paid attention to activation of angiogenesis processes in myocardium and enhancement of its contractility during stimulation of vagus nerve.
Perineural Migration of SCs to Heart
Clinical observations indicate that endogenous reparative potential of heart is often insufficient [1-4]. Therefore, it is necessary to develop technologies for increase of this potential. Minimally invasive and highly effective are the most promising ones. Authors pay attention to vagus nerve because its branches innervate sinoatrial and atrioventricular heart ganglions and myocardium of heart ventricles. SCs are able to migrate along cranial nerve fibers to damaged tissues, that is why it was assumed, similar to previously obtained results [24-28], that SCs will begin moving to that heart region which has injury.
Ten adults male Wistar rats, weighing 200±230g at the time of the experiments have been chosen to verify the hypothesis. Vagotomy (10 rats) was performed under ketamine-xylazineacepromazine anesthesia (55.6, 6.6 and 1.1mg/kg, respectively, i/p). All vagotomies were performed unilaterally at the cervical mid- level of neck (Figure 1). Simultaneously five rats received 10 thousand SCs in 10.0µl of culture medium into perineural space of another vagus (Figure 1). SCs have been stained for monoclonal antibodies to FITC-labeled CD90 (or to PKH67 Green Fluorescent Cell Linker). Authors assumed that unilateral vagotomy will lead to development of destructive processes in vagus endings in heart and brain stem nuclei and signaling molecules will be produced in damaged areas [22,24-26,28] to attract SCs. Figure 2 shows distribution of FITC-labeled SCs in the area of sinoatrial ganglion. Revealed FITC-labeled SCs in the area of heart automatism ganglion (Figure 2) in one day after vagotomy prove phenomenon of SCs perineural migration to destructed vagus sites in heart after their implantation into perineural space.
Figure 1: Scheme of unilateral vagotomy and perineural implantation of SCs into intact vagus nerve on the other side. Explained in text.
Figure 2: Distribution of CD90- and FITC-labeled SCs in the area of sinoatrial ganglion of rat. Bar - 100μm. Explained in text.
Perineural Migration of SCs to Brain
Figure 3 shows distribution of FITC-labeled SCs in nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). Appearance of SCs in brain stem can be explained from the point of wide allocation of vagus fibers in brain stem nuclei. Dorsal motor nucleus (DMV, Figure 1) together with nucleus ambiguous (NA) are also central representatives of vagus, besides NTS (Figure 1).
Figure 3: Distribution of CD90- and FITC-labeled SCs in the area of NTS of rat. Bar - 100μm. Explained in text.
Conclusion
Hypothesis on reality of perineural migration of SCs along vagus nerve fibers to injured heart regions was experimentally verified for the first time. Heart injuries were simulated using unilateral vagotomy on experimental rats. FITC-labeled SCs were revealed in cardiac ganglions and nucleus tractus solitarii of brain stem in one day after vagotomy. Experimental results should be used to test the technique in clinical conditions in patients with impaired cardiac function. Authors consider that special attention should be paid to described technique of perineural migration as supplementary procedure in acute period of heart failure development. It is advised to combine this technique with classic methods of heart failure therapy.
Acknowledgement
This pooled analysis was funded by OOO “Synergy”, and by innovative fund of Brest Regional Executive Committee (2017-2019).
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