Abstract
The objective was to present a brief communication on the components of the development of middle-range nursing theories, based on international references of the discipline. These middle-range nursing theories must be presented as to the purpose, the propositions, or theoretical statements, the schematization or modeling, the assumptions and guidelines for use in practice, as well as in research, teaching and care management. To increase the visibility of nursing, it is highlighted that these theories must consider the phenomena of the discipline, in this case, the diagnoses, results and nursing interventions using a classification system, which can contribute to the generation of nursing care indicators.
Keywords:Nursing Theories; Middle-Range Theories; Method; Knowledge; Nursing Phenomena
Opinion
In Pakistan the bulk of soybean meal for animal feed production,
especially for poultry feed, is imported which has led to increase
production cost of poultry. Due to high price of imported feed
ingredients feed cost accounts for more than 75% of the total cost
of poultry production. Increasing cost of feed ingredients, especially
soybean meal, has slowed down the growth of the poultry business
in the country. Commercial poultry has traditionally been based
on soybean meal as the key protein source because of its high
nutritional profile. With the constantly increasing demand for
soybean meal throughout the world, it is estimated that its cost
will continue to further rise in the world market. Therefore it is the
need of the time to find alternative sustainable good quality protein
resources that can replace/substitute soybean meal in poultry
nutrition. Such an option of economical and quality protein source
may be provided by insect larva meal.
Food and Agriculture Organization has stressed upon the
urgent need to explore alternative feed resources such as insect
meal to fulfill the increasing demand for animal products for the
growing world population (FAO, 2014). Among the insect species
that have been gaining attention as alternatives to the conventional
feedstuffs, housefly (Musca. domestica) larvae meal is certainly one
of the most promising protein sources[1]. Fly larva meal has been
investigated as appealing for poultry due to its good nutritional
profile [2] therefore, it may be used a possible substitute for
soybean meal. Moreover, some recent research in poultry
nutrition has been directed towards this rising nonconventional
feed ingredient in the diet of different poultry species i.e. broiler
chickens [3,2], commercial layer [4-7]quails [8,9] and partridges
[10,11]. Results of these studies have shown encouraging effect on
general health status, production performance and meat quality of
poultry. Amongst the flies, Musca domestica (common housefly)
larvae can be produced rapidly on organic waste materials
converting lower price commodity into a high value feed stuff
hence it may prove to be a very cheap and sustainable protein
source for poultry ration. House fly larva meal has ideal nutrient
composition and can easily be produced [12]. Dietary inclusion of
house fly meal as an alternative to the expensive soybean meal may
help to reduce the cost of poultry production in Pakistan. However,
very few studies are available in the literature on application of
house fly larva meal as a possible alternative protein source on
performance of broiler. Therefore, it is suggested to explore the
comparative effect of replacement of soybean meal with house fly
larva meal on performance, blood profile, nutrient digestibility and
gut-histomorphology of broiler in Pakistan[13-15].
References
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