Short CommunicationAbstract
Sucking arthropods have been considered as important vectors of diseases to human and some of them take blood from human and are nuisance. The main important disease are: Chikungunya, Dengue, Lymphatic filariasis, Rift Valley fever, Yellow Fever, Zika, Lymphatic filariasis, Malaria, Japanese encephalitis, Lymphatic filariasis, West Nile fever, Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis), onchocerciasis (river blindness), Plague, Tungiasis, Typhus, Louse-borne relapsing fever, Leishmaniasis, Sandfly fever (phlebotomus fever), Crimean- Congo haemorrhagic fever, Lyme disease, Relapsing fever (borreliosis), Rickettsial diseases (eg: spotted fever and Q fever), Tick-borne encephalitis, Tularaemia, Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis), Sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis). WHO recommended several measures and different insecticides for vector control including indoor residual spraying, larviciding, flogging, and using insecticide treated nets? Pyrethroid insecticides are recommended for impregnation of nets. Impregnated bed nets are being used for peoples who are at risk of diseases such as pregnant women and children. There are different types and colors of bed nets in the world. Appropriate usage of impregnate bed nets needs some information in the usage areas.
Keywords: Vector-Borne Diseases, Insecticide Treated Net, Control
Introduction
Sucking Arthropods and Related Families in the World are
Mosquitoes (Culicidae), Sand flies (Psychodidae), Black flies (Simuliidae), Biting Midges (Ceratopogonidae), Tabanids (Tabanidae), Stable fly (Muscidae), Tsetse fly (Glossinidae), Kissing bug (Reduviidae), Bedbug (Cimicidae), Flea (Pulicidae), Head and body louse (Pediculicidae), Crab (Phthiridae), Mite (Trombiculidae), Hard Ticks (Ixodidae), Soft ticks (Argasidae). They transmit deferent diseases to human. World Health Organization listed the main vector borne disease in the world (Table 1). Vector-borne diseases are illnesses caused by pathogens and parasites in human populations. Every year more than one billion people are infected, and more than one million people die from vector-borne diseases including malaria, dengue, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, yellow fever, lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. For many vector-borne diseases, there are no vaccines, and drug resistance is an increasing threat. Vector control plays a vital role and is often the only way to prevent disease outbreaks. Many existing interventions, such as insecticide treated bed nets and indoor spraying, are simple and proven. Insecticide-treated bed nets are one of the most. WHO therefore recommends that everyone who is at risk of malaria sleeps under a long-lasting insecticidal net every night?
Table 1: Patients with tendon and ligament injury according to age and sex.
International donors funded over 700 million bed nets to protect families against malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Nets should be checked regularly for holes and replaced every 2-3 years (Figure 1). The use of insecticide in impregnation of bed nets against sucking arthropods is due to these creatures are attracted to contact occupied nets by the odor of the occupants. This equipment is being used as personal protection for high-risk groups. If 80% of the entire population is coverage, it has mass killing effect. At the total coverage, ITN effect on the vector density and survival.
Figure 1: Global death from vector-borne diseases.
Advantages of Mosquito Nets
Low cost, lack of need for special equipment, fewer organization and logistical problems, less insecticide needed, compatibility with local customs, suppressed on the population nuisance insects, protection against cold, dust and snake.
Disadvantages Mosquito Nets
Several factors are involved including: culture, community acceptance due to the lack of awareness, sustainability, allergic effect, Feasibility, accessibility, misuse, not compatible with vector behavior, less coverage, program of distribution, ventilation problem, house design, restrictions of the community movement, -side effect on the pregnant women and child, -shape and design of net, re-impregnation, difficult to evaluate the impact of net.
Efficacy of Impregnated Bed Nets Depend on
Bed net types (Type of bednets can be determined through KAP study), Fabrics (cotton, nylon, polyester, polypropylene, polyethylene (Figure 2). World Health Organization recommended several insecticides for impregnation of bednets (Table 2).
Different Formulations for Impregnation of Bed Nets are: (SC = aqueous suspension concentrate, EW= emulsion, oil in water, WT= water dispersible tablet, CS = capsule suspension (microencapsulated), EC = emulsifiable concentrate.
Figure 2: Types of Fabrics of bednets.
Table 2: Pesticide recommended for impregnation of bednet.
Ways of Impregnation
Soaking, spraying, colour (green, grey, brown, black, white), coding, skirting, insecticides (killing effect, deterrent effect, packaging, safety, registration, cost, social acceptances. Shape could be rectangular, conical, pyramid (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Different type and shapes of impregnated bednet nets commonly used
Current Insecticide Impregnate Bednets Against Insect Resistant to Insecticides are
Olyset® Plus (Permethrin + PBO incorporated into polyethylene, all panels) , PermaNet® 3.0 (Combination of deltamethrin coated on polyester with strengthened border (side panels), and deltamethrin + PBO incorporated into polyethylene roof)), Tsara® Boost (Deltamethrin + PBO incorporated polyethylene, all panels) , Tsara® Plus (Combination of deltamethrin coated on polyester (side panels), and deltamethrin + PBO incorporated into polyethylene (roof)) , Veeralin® (Alpha-cypermethrin + PBO incorporated into polyethylene, all panels) , Interceptor® G2 (Alpha-cypermethrin and chlorfenapyr coated on polyester) , Royal Guard® (Alphacypermethrin and pyriproxyfen incorporated into polyethylene, all panels).
Basic Information for Evaluation of Efficacy of Impregnated Bed Nets are
Ventilation, insecticide, vector susceptibility to insecticides, efficacy of insecticides, availability of insecticides, cost of insecticide, demographic data, population estimates, target groups (children, pregnant women), socioeconomic data, sleeping pattern (outside, inside), current use of nets, cultural attitudes, colors, sizes, vector bionomics, exophilicity and endophilicity, vectorial capacity, vector density, feeding pattern, species, zoophiloicity and anthropophilicity.
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
There is not applicable.
Consent for publication
Applicable.
Availability of Data and Material
Applicable.
Competing Interests
The author declares that there is no conflict of interest.
Funding
This study was supported by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran with NIMAD Project Number 971065.
Acknowledgments
This study was funded and supported by Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) and partially by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran with NIMAD Project Number 971065.
