Opinion
Various life-threatening diseases were studied in this analysis of
epidemiology [1]. Diabetes, allergy and associated diseases, arthritis,
metabolic diseases, kidney disease and infection, inflammatory
bowel disease and infection are covered here for epidemiology
study and analysis. Diabetes, roughly 463 million people living with
diabetes worldwide [2] and diabetes caused 4.2 million deaths
[3]. According to the predictions, over 700 million people will
be affected by diabetes by 2045 worldwide [3]. According to the
survey of the National Diabetes Statistics Report, US, in 2018, more
than 26.9 million people are suffering from it, and about 8.2% of
the US population facing complications because of it [4]. Diabetes is
not infectious and is underlined as a chronic inflammatory disease
having several complications. The understanding of the emerging
role of inflammation in its pathophysiology and allied metabolic
disorders will be helpful. It was suggested that by controlling or
treating inflammation, the prevention and control of diabetes
can be possible. Several scientific observations explore the link
between high levels of inflammation and the progression of type 2
diabetes. Elucidation of inflammatory pathways is a good strategy
for developing medical remedies for the prevention and controlling
of diabetes and associated complications.
The severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection
is higher in those patients who are already suffering from diabetes
mellitus and it is one more complication of it. Arthritis, a large
number of the population affected by rheumatoid arthritis and it
is approximately 350 million in the world and 120 million people
in European [5]. In the US, nearly 54.4 million people out of 22.7 %
of the population being affected in 2015 by it [6]. According to an
estimation, a large number of patients are affected by rheumatoid
arthritis and it will exceed up to 130 million individuals by 2050
[7]. Arthritis has a close association with inflammation. At some
times, the immune system triggers an inflammatory response, no
reaction from the body, then these physiological complications
are notified as autoimmune diseases. Arthritis, which is initiated
by inflammation, affects joints, was further classified into different
category i.e., rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gouty
arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Allergy and associated
diseases: The occurrence of allergic diseases is frequently growing
worldwide. The understanding of the multifactorial etiology of
these diseases is interesting. Several allergic illnesses including
asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, and allergic
rhinitis share similar risk factors. Around 300 million patients
have been suffered from asthma worldwide and will be around
100 million by 2025 [8]. In the United States affecting more than
50 million people are affected by allergy-induced diseases every
year [9]. In Asia, this disease affects 27% overall population in
South Korea and near about 32% in the United Arab Emirates [10].
One of the diseases initiated due to allergy, (asthma) affects more
than 24 million people in the United States, including more than 6
million children. Moreover, allergic diseases, such as anaphylaxis,
asthma, hay fever, and eczema now afflict roughly 25% of people
in the developed world [11]. Therefore, clinicians are trying their
best to expose the epidemiological routes of atopic disease and
associated factors to design new strategies for effective treatment
and prevention for putting into practice.
In allergic diseases, insistent or repetitive exposure to allergens
present in the environment, consequences in chronic allergic inflammation. Thus, understanding of the concerned features
and consequences of acute and chronic allergic inflammation,
and especially, when mast cells initiate several characteristics
of various routes and paths of immunological reactivity. It was
evident that the influences of environmental exposures, numerous
environmental variations, alternations in the features of microbial,
and environmental exposure to numerous pollutants. Metabolic
diseases, about 54 metabolic disorders considered for clinical
and public health significance, such as osteopenia, mild-moderate
hypovitaminosis D, impaired glucose tolerance, obesity, metabolic
syndrome, erectile dysfunction, diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting
glucose, osteoporosis, dyslipidaemia and thyroiditis [12]. According
to the physiology of a few diseases were observed in the minimum
possible, including pituitary adenomas, adrenocortical carcinoma,
and pheochromocytoma. The possibilities of detection of disorders
such as hyperparathyroidism and thyroid were in a higher range
and the prospects of their incidences are more frequent in female
patients.
Many metabolic diseases originate from the abnormal features
and functioning of the pituitary, adrenal, and gonadal. Several
metabolic disorders such as obesity, atherosclerosis, and type 2
diabetes underlined as lipid storage disorders and have a concern
with nutrition. The role of chronic inflammation in the initiation,
propagation, and expansion of metabolic disorders are deeply
examined and outputs confirmed its title role in their beginning.
Recently, transcription factor NF-κB was specified as one of the key
reasons for the progression of these diseases, and this evidence
confirmed the involvement of inflammation in the etiology of
metabolic disorders. Inflammatory bowel disease and infection,
according to an estimate of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, more than 3 million people in the United States
are affected by inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) [13]. Moreover,
Crohn’s and the Colitis Foundation of America assessed the situation
and reported that nearly 1.6 million patients in the United States
have IBD. Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease identified
as inflammatory bowel disease. Further, Crohn’s disease has four
types of it, including Ileocolitis or Ileoceceal Crohn’s disease,
Ileitis, Gastroduodenal Crohn’s disease, Jejunoileitis, and Crohn’s
(granulomatous) colitis. IBD is an immune-mediated disease, which
persisted in the gastrointestinal tract. According to the evidence of
epidemiological research, obesity and obesity-associated metabolic
syndrome triggered IBD. The predicted treatment methodology
can be applied for treating chronic inflammatory bowel diseases
by supporting immunosuppression, but in some cases, infectious
complications make it worse. Numerous clinical observations have
identified the role of infection in the initiation and progression of
inflammatory bowel disease, and after that, the clinical suggestions
were illustrated for inhibiting bacterial intestinal load. IBD is a type
of chronic intestinal inflammation and is identified as a group of
autoimmune diseases and host-microbial interactions are its key
initiators.
The persistent inflammation easily induced Crohn’s disease and
ulcerative colitis. The patient who suffered from IBD experienced
abdominal symptoms, including diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal
pain, and bloody stools. Kidney disease and infection, chronic
kidney diseases are leading health problems worldwide and are
detected commonly. According to the data analysis of the global
level, CKD has an estimated prevalence is 13.4% (11.7-15.1%),
In the US, about 15% of adults, or nearly 37 million people, have
chronic kidney disease. Insistent, inflammation is underlined as
an important factor, which initiates CKD that plays a unique role in
its pathophysiology. Inflammation of the kidney is also known as
nephritis. In Greek terminology, nephron defined as “of the kidney”
and itis represents “inflammation.” Various causes are underlined
that initiate nephritises include autoimmune disorders, infections,
and toxins in the body. Various factors i.e., pro-inflammatory
cytokines, oxidative stress, AGEs, homocysteine, and acidosis,
and their excess physical and chemical concentration and their
decreased clearance directly influence the chronic inflammatory
status, which further triggered the initiation of chronic kidney
disease.
Acknowledgment
Author (Rajiv Kumar) gratefully acknowledges his younger brother Bitto for motivation.
Availability of Data and Materials
Wherever necessary, relevant citations are included in the reference section.
Competing Interests
The author has declared that no competing interest exists.
References
- Kumar N, Kumar R (2013) Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials in the Treatment of Life-Threatening Diseases. Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials in the Treatment of Life-Threatening Diseases.
- Saeedi P, Inga Petersohn, Paraskevi Salpea, Belma Malanda, Suvi Karuranga, et al. (2019) Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas (9th)., Diabetes Res Clin Pract, pp. 157.
- (2020) The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Diabetes facts & figures.
- (2020) DHHS. National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2020. Natl Diabetes Stat Rep.
- (2020) EFIC, E. P. F. World Arthritis Day.
- Barbour K E, Helmick C G, Boring M, Brady T J (2017) Vital Signs: Prevalence of Doctor-Diagnosed Arthritis and Arthritis-Attributable Activity Limitation - United States, 2013-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 66(9): 246-253.
- (2019) Arthritis Foundation. Arthritis by the Numbers. Arthritis Found.
- Dharmage S C, Perret J L, Custovic A (2019) Epidemiology of asthma in children and adults. Frontiers in Pediatrics 7: 246.
- (2018) America, A. and A. F. of. American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology.
- Chong S N, Chew F T (2018) Epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and associated risk factors in Asia. World Allergy Organization 11.
- Galli S J, Tsai M, Piliponsky A M (2008) The development of allergic inflammation. Nature 454(7203): 445-54.
- Golden S H, Robinson K A, Saldanha I, Anton B, Ladenson P W (2009) Prevalence and incidence of endocrine and metabolic disorders in the United States: A comprehensive review. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 94(6): 1853-78.
- (2015) U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Statistics.